The Tudor and Stuart period in England, which lasted from the late 15th century to the early 18th century, was marked by frequent conflict and warfare. During this time, England was involved in a number of major wars and battles, both at home and abroad. The Tudor dynasty saw England fight against France in the Hundred Years' War, as well as against Scotland in a series of border wars. The period also saw the English navy expand and modernize, leading to major naval victories such as the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. The Stuart dynasty was marked by the English Civil War, which saw Royalist forces led by King Charles I pitted against Parliamentary forces led by Oliver Cromwell. The war resulted in the execution of Charles I and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England, which lasted until the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. The period also saw England involved in numerous other conflicts, including the Nine Years' War and the War of the Spanish Succession. Overall, the Tudor and Stuart period in England was marked by significant military conflict, both at home and abroad, that helped shape the course of English history.
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